Politics Through Chinese History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Politics Through Chinese History - Essay Example The basis of Chinese society was the family. A Chinese family consisted of grandparents, parents, children, grandchildren, daughters-in-law, and servants. Family ties were very close. Every member of the family was duty-bound to safeguard the family honor and prestige. If a son did something wrong, he and the family will lose face, that is, disgraced. The parents were the absolute masters in the family. They arranged the marriage of the children and decided what professions they would take. Disobedience to parents was regarded as a serious sin. If the father died, the oldest son took his place. A family with many children was believed to be blessed by the gods. Women had few rights. Their place was at home. Their duties were to serve the men, to take care of the children and to attend to household work. They also worked in the fields like male laborers. The economic life in Old China centered on agriculture. About 80% of the Chinese people were peasants who lived in villages and toiled daily in their small farms. Those without farms were engaged in various industries such as bakery, carpentry, brickmaking, weaving, and retail merchandising. (Grousset, p. 99) Guilds existed in China long before they were established in Medieval Europe. A guild was an association of men engaged in an occupation. Hence, there were merchant’s guilds, baker’s guilds, musicians’ guilds, and carpenters’ guilds. The guilds fixed the prices of goods, determined wages, and working conditions, and looked after the welfare of the members. In matters of religion, the Chinese were very practical. They were deeply concerned about the gods, religious dogmas, and the future life. Heaven to them was abstract thing. They simply worshipped their ancestors and gods and paid homage to heaven and earth, mountains in other objects of nature. They were free from religious bigotry. They were free from being Confucians, Taoists and Buddhists at the same time. (Labourette, p. 56) Political life in Old China was regulated by Confucian precepts. At the head of the empire was the Emperor, who was regarded as the "Son of the Heaven." He ruled by the "mandate of heaven", that is, by permission of the gods. If he became corrupt, he immediately lost the mandate of heaven, and the people can overthrow him by revolution and place another ruler on the throne. (Labourette, p. 54) Below the emperor was a bureaucracy consisting of ministers, viceroys and governor

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Colonialism History Essay

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Colonialism History Essay Colonialism is the establishment, maintenance, acquisition and expansion of colonies in one territory by the people of another territory. It can also be defined as the control that a country or government holds over the territory and the people in a foreign country. It is also the policy of extending national authority over foreign territories. This is when the people of a particular region do not have control over anything in their territory. Colonialism took place because some countries were powerful than other countries even though they were small regionally they dominate it because of their own reasons. Before colonialism, there were no schools, churches and industries, survival required hard work and sacrifice. Resources were one of the main reasons why the British colonised Africa and generating wealth for their mother country, because of this many people in the colonies were forced to slavery or labourers to work on plantation, they planted cash crops such as cocoa and tobacco. The colonies tried using Native Americans slaves but Native Americans knew the land and ran away because plenty of them died due to diseases and other things. The colonies also paid for Europeans to immigrate to the years. In return, the immigrants worked without pay for a number of years. All the colonies used slave labour; they enslaved thousands of Africans to toil on their fields. The mouth of the slaves were pierced and locked with padlock so that they wont eat from what they were planting especially the sugar plantation and also with chains on their necks, hands and legs. The slaves were treated as if they were not humans by the colonial masters, they maltreated them badly by treating them cruelly beating the m, starving or even killing them; it reduced the population of Africa because most of the slaves died because of hunger and also there was no people to farm and provide food for those who were not captured because all the strong and young men who could farm where captured, it led them to poverty. Slavery destroyed civilization and led to the underdevelopment of the colonies. Africans were looked upon as inferior and dull people who are only good at working as labourers and doing house works by the colonial masters. The children of slaves automatically became slaves too Lack of respect for traditions is an effect of colonialism, the traditions of the colonies where not respected by the colonial masters, they did not value the culture of their colonies at all, they completely took over the way of life of their colonies. The traditions of the people were abandoned by the colonial masters especially the French in their colonies; they tried to make the people French in the mode of dressing, language and other things (policy of assimilation), which of course worked in some areas and didnt in some. The colonies made the people to adapt to new culture because the colonial masters believe that their culture is superior to that of the black. But also colonialism removed and abolished the bad part of pre-colonial culture because it had the power to eliminate damaging social trends and older ideals. Before the coming of colonial masters; in some part of West Africa especially Nigeria twins were killed because they were considered as evil, taboo or some sort of bad luck to their parents. They either throw them in the jungle to die or drown them in rivers, with the advance of colonialism that practice was abolished and is regarded as a primitive and horrific practice and stopped it. They also stopped the bad way women were treated, women back then were seen as baby producing machine, they were disdain in the society, arranging the house and cooking meal was what it was believed they were good at. With the advancement of colonialism Sati practice was abolished in India. Sati was traditional practice whereby the first wife of a deceased husband would throw herself or be thrown at the fire on the day of her husbands funeral it serves as a way through which she will show her mourning. The British developed it colonies, it brought about modernization to regions that were technologically under developed, it introduced trading and other businesses in which trade by batter took place too. Normally the people produce their product then give it to the colonial masters in exchange with either mirror, gun powder, cowries and other things because back then all these things did not exist. They provided rail roads for open trade which helped in the transportation of goods from one area to another. They (colonial maters) also brought and introduced medicines to their colonies because most of them died because due to sickness, this helped to abolish the use of leaves and other herbs that they dont know the use of them from use in the colonies. But also the colonialist introduced or brought some diseases which were not known in the colonies which up till today some don not have a cure. The colonialist introduced democratic system of government in the West African colonies. Before colonialism in Nigeria, places where divided into kingdoms and each kingdom had its King which in some parts of the kingdom is of hierarchy while some it was not. The kings normally are they once who made the laws of the kingdom and punished offenders. Colonialism removed this part of practice in their colonies by introducing a democratic system of in which leaders are chosen through election. However, the colonialist introduced Christian religion knowledge in the west African countries before they visited West Africa, people, Christianity did not exist, they worshipped traditional idols and other sorts of things and also judgement was of what their ancestors say through the kingdoms orals (which is believed that it is through there the ancestors speak. Colonialism introduced Christianity to their colonies because Christianity is the religion of the European, some part of the colonies accepted and some didnt because they were already practicing a religion they believed in. The colonialist established schools and made bible study for anyone who would attend the school. Christianity gradually developed and the people gradually stopped practicing the traditional religion. In conclusion, colonialism had great advantages and disadvantage. It introduced Christianity which abolished the traditional practices and other bad practices in the colonies they colonized. It also stopped the bad practices of killing twins in Africa, Sati in India and other bad practices. Colonialism also modernist plenty part of its colonies by introducing farming tools, roads, vehicles for transporting goods and other things. Even though some people suffered in the hands of the colonial masters, it still helped a lot in its territories and colonies.

Premature Infants Essay -- Health, NICU

Thousands of infants are born prematurely on an annual basis, and it is a challenge in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) to facilitate parent-child attachment while still providing the safest clinical environment for the infant. One significant area of research where premature infants are concerned is the effect of early skin to skin contact (SSC), or kangaroo care, between the parent(s) and child during their stay in the NICU. Although it has been found that early and frequent SSC promotes positive physiological responses in preterm infants, there is mostly speculative data regarding the long-term psychosocial effects where parent-infant bonding is concerned. An important question for the clinician working in this specialty area to find a quantifiable answer for is, â€Å"Do parents who are permitted to touch and/or hold their infant in the NICU bond with their infant better than those who are not able to do this?† This type of question is structured in the PICO mod el, which is one of the most common models used in evidenced-based practice (EBP). The question is structured in a way that the patient population and practice or intervention are clearly identified, making it easier for the researcher to find relevant research data using the internet and databases. More specifically, PICO can be broken down into: P (patient population or condition of interest), I (intervention of interest), C (comparison of interest), and O (outcome of interest). (Schmidt & Brown, 2012) For the question at hand, the P (population) was parents of infants in the NICU, the I (intervention of interest) considered was the ability to touch and/or hold their infant, C (comparison) was parents who were not permitted physical contact with their infant,... ...es have to realize that they are not just caring for a premature infant, but also a new family. It is also important for the nurse to understand that the mothers’ and fathers’ approach to touching and bonding with their infant may differ. Although quantitative data from Chiu and Anderson (2009) did not reveal significant differences between the control group and the SSC group at 18 months, the data from Latva et al. (2008) showed significant behavioral differences at six years old when infants were touched as newborns and formed a secure attachment. Therefore, for the health and well-being of both parents and child, time and opportunity to have SSC and bonding experiences must be priorities in the plan of care for infants in the NICU. As one mother stated, â€Å"I need to be allowed to feel that he is mine.† (Fegran, Helseth, & Fagermoen, 2007, pg. 813)

Gender Based Discrimination in the Novel Things Fall Apart Essay

In regions especially where poverty and ignorance are widespread, people are generally be in dispair. Living in such hard conditions and being unable to get rid of the situation, the man is tend to unload his suppressed resentment by using brute force on his houshold. The man who is not satisfied with his achievments and dont have dignity in his social life, tries to establish domination over women through agression. Therefore masculanity is associated with agression and violence. And that situation leads to discrimination and conflict between the two genders. But unfortunately, the gender-based discrimination happens everywhere, even in the western ,industrialized nations that are thought to be closest to an ideal modern egalitarian treatment for women. Although western women have legal freedoms, the right to vote and to own property; they still dont enjoy full equality with men, nor are they socially valued or esteemed as men. The concept of ‘gender based discrimination’ may be analyzed in the aspects of; interpretion of gender, domestic life of women, women & sexuality and the roles of men, among various times and cultures. Based on the novel ‘Things Fall Apart’ we deduce that in Nigerian community women led a domestic life, being in charge of breeding their children, cooking and serving to their husbands as well as not being able to participate the social life and ceremonies, while the men are in charge of taking all decisions about the community. ( Chapter 10, pages 77-78 ) Also, a man’s power was measured by his physical strength. If one hasnt got a name by bloodshed he was called as agbala which also means woman. As a concequence of being a strong men, they frequently beat and threaten their wives. Similarly, plural marriage is widespread and virginity is considered as a merit. Since a woman is not valuable herself, she is always described whether as a daughter or a wife of a man. If she asks for divorce, her husband wants the bride-prize he had given back, which is very insulting as the marriage became a trade. This ideology is also widely seen in Turkey and many other Middle Eastern countries supported by â€Å"the ethnic morals†. In rural areas many women are being killed due to chastity by her kins. In cities, althogh they work more than men they are less prefered and less paid. Needless to say that, these obstacles can only be passed over with the presence of the more educated individuals who are able to establish healthy relationships with women. For that reason both gender must be aware of their rights and values in the community.

Green Grass, Running Water Essay

The novel Green Grass, Running Water is a multifaceted work of art in the literal sense. The plot circles around an Indian tribe i.e. the Blackfoots, while interweaving myths and the stereotypical attitude towards Native Americans into the macro picture. It takes an extremely sensitive topic and makes sense of it through a comical way. Through the book King raises a voice against the treatment of the Native culture and way of life at the hands of the ‘white,’ through humorous and witty settings, plots and dialogues. One can easily spot the shots that have taken against the government that went onto cheat the Natives in the name of friendship, the idea of religion, the social stigma that plagues the Natives and a whole lot more. The discord created by Coyote is a very integral part of the novel. In the story Coyote is the Trickster, and along with him the four Indians namely Lone Ranger, Ishmael, Robin son Crusoe, and Hawkeye set their course towards the Blackfoot reservation so they can find things to ‘fix’ (133). When they come onto the reservation everything goes topsy-turvy. Through the re-telling of old Native American legends King puts things into a different perspective for the reader. On top of the Native legends one will be amused by the many references to biblical stories as well. When it comes to the role of Coyote we know that he is one force that is present long before the world really exists. In the start where there was nothing but â€Å"just the water† even then the trickster was present, â€Å"but Coyote was asleep†. This in itself can be taken as a testimonial for Coyote’s strength and importance. Whenever Coyote enters the plot he manages to wreak havoc by influencing the events and people around him. He does this on more than one occasion by simply making a joke or performing a ritual. It is important to note though that Coyote never indulges in direct violence, his idea of wreaking havoc comes from a very passive stance so to speak. His actions are based on what the others say and how he can manipulate their words.   In the length of the novel Coyote assists in ‘fixing the world’ through interconnecting European tales with Native ones. He distorts the stories that were brought in by the early settlers by adding the Native flavor to them, thereby coming up with completely new stories altogether. One instance where Coyote and the four Indians try to ‘fix’ the world is the dam. The thing to note here is that the damn is not going to bring any good to the Natives. The government has ignored many things, such as the fault lines, while making the damn. In effect it would bring great problems to the people living around the area if it were to break. Coyote possesses mystical powers and can manipulate the environment around him. In one of the scenes from the book Ishmael and Robinson Crusoe ask him whether he has been dancing or singing to which he replies â€Å"Just a little† (341) on both counts. At that point a great earthquake hits the land and causes the stress fractures under the dam to open up. Now, the dam in essence was bad, but once it had been built it would have been worse for it to just fall apart. At one glance one might thing that Coyotes doing was negative rather than positive. However, with the supernatural demolition of the dam, the flood that follows symbolically washes away pieces of the colonial heritage. The Natives are then able to defy the government and reclaim their land. Even Eli, who ended up dying in the process, is a symbol of strength for the remaining people. His cabin stands are an icon for the rest, a piece of their heritage which one of their own died protecting. Even though Coyote caused death, he still managed to give people something to hold onto, something to huddle them closer to their own Native values. Another example of Coyote’s well meaning intentions’ going wrong is the John Wayne movie, where he manages to twist and turn the story through the use of linguistic violence and ends up completely distorting it. This is good because he inculcates the Native culture and values into the story which is important for the main characters on the Blackfoot reserve. The well known story ‘The Mysterious Warrior’ is toyed with. In an attempt to change the world, they end up changing the classic too. In the new version the Indians are not the ones who die terrible deaths but John Wayne and Richard Widmar instead. The Natives that had been hunted by the cavalry suddenly begin to fight back and massacred their assailants. The Natives on the reserve need this kind of reinforcement because they are losing their own values and their heritage and not because they want to, but because they cant find the will to really fight for it. Eli is the only one who really pushes for anything, while the rest themselves have managed to infuse ‘white’ culture into every part of their lives. An example of this is Latisha who is only using her heritage and that too by inventing things that never existed in the Native culture to begin with i.e. selling dog meat burgers (which are really hamburgers) to tourists claiming it to be a Native tradition, when it wasn’t. Coyote at times hinders the path of the other four Indians as well. In a way he is the embodiment of the struggle of the Natives against the ‘whites’. His actions may at times seem completely negative, but one must remember that Coyote has been around for a while. And in the end his actions only end up benefiting the Natives of the reserves. Throughout the novel it would seem as though Coyote has induced certain events almost by mistake or through carelessness but once it has run its course it only ends up helping the Blackfoots. In a way it can be said that Coyote has wisdom beyond what most can understand which is why it is possible that he just might know how things will turn out at the culmination. Coyote tends to intertwine the old ways with the new norms. He uses many biblical references (albeit distorting them completely) and the legends of the old age and present them in a very contemporary way.   His distortion of the white tales helps by cleansing the invasive stereotypes and stigma that surround the Indians of today. In one instance a dam builder says to Eli â€Å"Besides, you guys aren’t real Indians anyway. I mean, you drive cars, watch television, go to hockey games. Look at you. You are a university professor† (King 119). This shows the ignorance and misconceptions about the Natives. The general public is completely oblivious of these people, their lives and how they exist. Coyote in his own crazy way tries to do away with this kind of mentality. Thus, Coyote manages to pull the Natives together. The culture and heritage that has been eluding them and at times confusing them is brought back by him. His actions may at times seem overly negative but in the long run they always prove to be good for the people on the reserve. This is why in totality one can only say that the Tricksters actions are positive and not negative. Work Cited Green Grass, Running Water: Thomas King (1993)

Emerging IT

Emerging IT The 21st century is marked by the development of information technology (IT) and the emergence of IT-related technologies. The growth of the internet as a platform for development, coupled with advances in technology has resulted in a slew of ethical dilemmas from individual and organizational levels.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Emerging IT-Related Technology’s Ethical Issues specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Subsequently, organizations have been compelled to ensure a balance between freedom and privacy of employees while at the same time ensuring that they observe ethical standards associated with emerging technologies such as cloud computing. However, the rapid growth of technology has resulted in multiple ethical challenges. Consequently, there are constant conflicts between personal and organizational beliefs in the workplace which has resulted in new ethical dilemmas created by emerging technologies as noted by Baase (2012). As a matter of fact, as new technology gives room for technological activities to be performed in new ways, circumstances may emerge in which adequate policies lack to guide us. The current paper is an attempt to explore emerging IT-related technology and the related ethical issues. The ethical dilemma under research is privacy and confidentiality on the application of emerging technology such as online retailing or e-commerce.  Large amount of consumer data is often given out to commercial entities to be stored for future use. For example, when we purchase goods online using visa cards or store discount cards, such information as consumer’s names, their home address, bank account names, and other private information are left with the commercial entities. Moreover, online e-commerce sites often use cookies with the aim of tracking down consumer’s buying habits. As such, the collection of these cookies into the companies’ database is aki n to revealing consumers’ private information. These systems are risky because when the information is released to third parties, it may be considered as risky as it creates an ethical dilemma (Moor, 2005). For example, the exposure of personal information to third parties as a result of data collection via cookies in the process of e-commerce results in ethical ramifications such as undermining of the first amendment and privacy rights (Baase, 2012). This is because the information is collected without the consent of the consumers. The issue of security also emerges since when personal information is left on the internet or e-commerce sites it could be accessed by a third party and this is a form of infringement on personal privacy and confidentiality.Advertising Looking for essay on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Based on the analysis, the ethical question that emerges is; which information and data should be collected by online retailers and to what extent should the information be exposed? (Gilroy, 2012). This has created policy vacuums as it is not covered by the existing ethical policies (Moor, 2001). To counter this, there is need to replace the vacuum created by emerging information technology with good policies which can be sustained by reasonable justification. The need to safeguard the first amendment and privacy rights while carrying out computer transmissions such as online purchases is also important. Moreover, the mushrooming of massive data on the internet needs to be safeguarded to prevent it being exposed to third parties such as hackers or government spies. In conclusion, ethical issues are deemed to increase as technology advances thus creating ethical dilemmas. For instance, the adoption of e-commerce in the 21st century has resulted in compromised ethical issues such as the issue of privacy and confidentiality. Therefore, there is need to develop stringent policies which address these ethical issues as they emerge. This way, the policy vacuums created will be eliminated thus addressing new technological ethical dilemmas. Reference List Baase, S. (2012). A gift of fire: social, legal, and ethical issues for computing technology. (4th edn). Japan: Pearson. Gilroy, W. G. (2012). Emerging ethical dilemmas in science and technology. Science Daily. Web. Moor, J. H. (2001). The future of computer ethics: You ain’t seen nothin’ yet!. Ethics and Information Technology, 3(2), 89–91.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Emerging IT-Related Technology’s Ethical Issues specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moor, J. H. (2005). Why we need better ethics for emerging technologies. Ethics and Information Technology, 7, 111–119.

Political Contention Essay Essays

Political Contention Essay Essays Political Contention Essay Essay Political Contention Essay Essay Solita Collas-Monsod is a professor at the University of the Philippines: Diliman and a author in the Filipino Daily Inquirer. Solita Collas-Monsod’s article entitled â€Å"The Trillanes Myth† was published or appeared in the Filipino Daily Inquirer and was last updated in September 3. 2007. The writer was able to catch the attending of its audience. and she was able to efficaciously utilize the rubric of her article to give a bird’s oculus position of what is stored for the readers. She besides starts her column through a statement of her base sing the issue being discussed. The writer wanted to demo or inform the audience and or the readers of the Filipino Daily Inquirer about the Trillanes group which started a putsch d’ etat in Oakwood Hotel. or the good known â€Å"Oakwood ‘Mutiny† . wherein there were 300 uniformed military officers and work forces who were guided or led by Sen. Antonio Trillanes IV. Her statements besides province that the Court. led by July 25 order of RTC Judge Oscar B. Pimentel. should go on its house base with respects to enforcing the necessary jurisprudence or exercise authorities authorization. without proof of the badges of inequality. She assumed that the universe. more specifically the sympathisers of the Trillanes group or the military officers. should non be deranged or persuaded by the â€Å"idealisms and principles† of the Trillanes group. She besides states that the audience. we. should non be blinded by the myths or prevarications which the Trillanes group gives us. and that we should lodge or be steadfast with our authorities regulations about putsch d’etats. Solita Collas-Monsod values the truth and in seeking proper justness for such lawbreakers of the jurisprudence. She strongly believes that proper justness or penalty in conformity with the authorities Torahs should be imposed on the Trillanes group. and we should make this objectively. non subjectively. Monsod was able to specify footings clearly in her article. Solita Collas-Monsod did her assignment or did basic research. therefore. she was able to back up her statements with ample and adequate facts. The statement for me is successful. and it does convert me. There are facts or sufficient back uping statements used by Monsod in her article and these facts or statements seem truly dependable. My beliefs and line of thought was the same as Monsod with respects to the â€Å"Oakwood ‘Mutiny† . more specifically about the Trillanes group. Monsod’s statement strengthened my former belief about proper authorities executing of its Torahs. Politically talking. this is truly an eye-opening article non merely to the populace but to the authorities and its functionaries every bit good. more specifically to the Judicial Court. There are times when I had little uncertainties with respects the Judiciary system of the Philippines before. but because of Monsod’s article. and facts that she stated about the actions taken by the Court. led by Judge Pimentel. these uncertainties are non gone. I believe that so. the political universe still has its â€Å"impartiality. † Solita Collas-Monsod’s article affects the political procedure by merely beef uping the execution of Judicial jurisprudence and in informing the populace about the Trillanes group. The authorities and the populace. or the audience. are at the advantage. whereas the Trillanes group is decidedly in the losing terminal. Work Cited: Collas-Monsod. Solita. â€Å"The Trillanes Myth. † The Filipino Daily Inquirer. 2007.